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Written by: Hannah Shaw Grove | Foundation Source
In 2008, I traveled to Pokuase, Ghana, to volunteer with WomensTrust, a nonprofit organization focused on empowering women through microenterprise, education, and healthcare. It was a pretty amazing experience on many levels. While I was there, the WomensTrust founder shared an intriguing idea I have since heard often: A fulfilling life is lived in thirds. The first third is dedicated to learning, the second third is focused on earning, and the last third is spent returning to others the knowledge and wealth gathered during the prior two stages.
If your clients are at or nearing the return stage in life, they might be considering how to increase their charitable giving. And if they’d like to use a full set of tools to achieve their goals, then establishing a private foundation (also called a family foundation) might be right for them.
Besides offering a high degree of control and flexibility, US-based private foundations have wide latitude to undertake innovative and effective philanthropy. Here are ten exciting things your clients can do with a foundation that are virtually impossible to achieve with other charitable vehicles:
GRANT TO INDIVIDUALS
Private foundations are uniquely permitted to provide funds directly to individuals for emergency relief or hardship assistance in circumstances such as loss of employment, illness, and temporary displacement. Whereas granting to a nonprofit is one type of experience – and the one most closely associated with charitable giving – directly supporting a family touched by tragedy can provide a profound, personal dimension to your clients’ giving.
CONDUCT DIRECT CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES
A foundation can conduct its own charitable programs directly, instead of through a public charity, without setting up a separate nonprofit or converting to an operating foundation. Direct charitable activities (DCAs) are programs that permit foundations to fund and carry out their own projects directly. This brand of “hands-dirty” philanthropy suits those clients who want to contribute both financial and human capital to their good works. For these individuals, it’s not about finding charities worthy of donations; it’s about solving a problem using their connections, capabilities, and capital to produce results that grant dollars alone wouldn’t buy.
PROVIDE PROGRAM-RELATED INVESTMENT LOANS (PRI LOANS)
Besides making grants, a foundation can make no or low-interest loans to charitable organizations and use the proceeds from the repayment of that loan to make other programmatic investments. And just like grants, PRI loans count towards the foundation’s 5% minimum distribution requirement. This type of giving may offer the charitable organization the dual benefit of improving its creditworthiness if the loans are repaid in full.
GIVE PROGRAM-RELATED LOAN GUARANTEES
Loan guarantees are another way to provide charitable support—often without spending a dime. This entails arranging a loan guarantee between a foundation and financial institution for a charitable organization, allowing the latter to finance an activity (such as expansion, hiring, or inventory) on more favorable terms than they might otherwise receive.
MAKE PROGRAM-RELATED EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Few individuals with foundations realize that they can make equity investments in for-profit commercial ventures for charitable purposes (e.g., the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s 2011 investment in Liquidia Technologies to accelerate the development of vaccines) out of the foundation’s grantmaking budget and have it count toward the 5% minimum distribution requirement.
DONATE INTERNATIONALLY
Making grants outside the United States holds great appeal for individuals with family or ties to other nations and philanthropic goals that cross political borders. Private foundations may grant directly to overseas charitable organizations, even when there is no IRS-recognized 501(c)(3) entity to serve as an intermediary. For example, some foreign charities are automatically recognized by the IRS because of their special status (e.g., the United Nations); others have set up a US-based “friends of” organization that is a recognized 501(c)(3) public charity that may accept funds on their behalf. But when there’s no easy route to channel funds to a favorite organization overseas, foundations may still make a grant by providing additional oversight, either by finding the organization to be “equivalent” to a US public charity or by exercising “expenditure responsibility.”
GIVE AWARDS AND PRIZES TO SPUR PROGRESS
One effective method of driving innovation and creating buzz around one’s field of interest is to offer a prize. Traditionally, awards were given as a way of rewarding past performance (e.g., the Nobel Prize), but modern foundations are using prizes to drive future progress. Prize-based philanthropy spurs innovation by leveraging the creativity of many people to innovate or solve a problem without having to support each person individually.
PAY PROGRAMMATIC EXPENSES
Most charitable individuals want as much money as possible to go to their favorite causes. But to make the best use of their charitable dollars, sometimes they need to spend money in order to save it. For example, the IRS recognizes that research and education to inform your philanthropy is vital and considers such research a legitimate expense. By undertaking research before putting dollars out the door, your clients’ foundation members will better understand the problem they’ve chosen to work on, learn who else is working on it, and surface multiple potential solutions.
Other allowable expenses for a private foundation include board meetings and site visits to explore and understand the work of potential grantees and conferences or seminars in the foundation’s areas of interest. As many foundations discover, these kinds of expenditures are often a wise investment of limited philanthropic dollars because they uncover new opportunities while preventing money from being wasted on “re-inventing the wheel.”
MAKE SET-ASIDES
As long as they meet certain requirements and obtain advance approval, the IRS allows private foundations to set aside funds in order to build up the reserves necessary for an ambitious future project. For example, if a foundation wants to undertake a large initiative (e.g., the construction of a building), the foundation could apply to the IRS for permission to set aside funds every year over five years that may be counted toward satisfying its minimum distribution requirement.
UNDERTAKE IMPACT INVESTMENTS
There used to be a firewall between a foundation’s investments and its grantmaking but a recent trend, impact investing, aligns a foundation’s financial investments to its mission (e.g., affordable housing, renewable energy) while maintaining financial returns. Impact investment opportunities are arrayed across a full spectrum of risk. Whether a foundation has $250,000 or $500 million, it is in a unique position to use all of its assets—not just funds from the grantmaking budgets – to advance its philanthropic missions.
Opportunities for innovative philanthropy are nearly endless with a foundation. No other charitable giving vehicle offers the same degree of flexibility. Plus, the process of starting a foundation is far less time-consuming and expensive than many believe. With proper support and guidance, one can be established within a week and the benefits will last a lifetime.
Hannah Shaw Grove is the chief marketing officer at Foundation Source, the nation’s largest provider of support services to private foundations. She has spent three decades studying and working with high-net-worth families and their closest advisors on achieving their wealth management priorities.
Related: More Fruitful Client Conversations Around Philanthropy